The Wider Picture
of Igorot Out-Migration
For the 7th Igorot International Consultation (IIC-7)
Prepared by the Cordillera
Peoples Alliance
We are very glad that the IIC7 is being held
again in the Cordillera, and particularly here in Ifugao. We would
like to welcome our fellow Igorots attending the assembly. (Something
about the theme: "Nurturing our culture and resources to chart
and secure our destiny").
We would like to raise the issue of Igorot out-migration,
as this is close to the heart of all of us attending this consultation.
We are often fond of saying that the Igorot has
arrived, that we have found our place in the wider global community,
and that we've come a long way from the St. Louis Exposition of
1904 when dozens of our ancestors were shipped to the U.S. and displayed
like a living diorama.
Today, indeed, we see a big number of fellow Cordillerans
who have successfully transplanted their lives, their professions,
their entire families even, to other countries all over the world.
We see more and more highland folk from our region flocking to overseas
destinations as long-term immigrants, as contractual workers, and
as scholars.
Obviously, this out-migration to other countries
is not merely a Cordillera phenomenon, but a long-term national
trend. According to data culled by Migrante International, around
10 million Filipinos are living and working abroad in 184 countries;
every day, an average of 3,500 Filipinos leave the country to become
OFW's.
Here in the Cordillera, the trend of out-migration
had started even in earlier years, although most destinations were
within the Philippines - sometimes close to home, such as Cagayan
Valley and Central Luzon, and sometimes as far as Mindanao. In recent
decades, however, the OFW bug has bitten us too.
In 2007 alone, POEA CAR recorded a total of 10,795
OFW departures from the region. About 80% are rehires, while 20%
are new hires. An estimated 60% are women. Just look around Baguio
City's central business district, and we will not fail to see the
proliferation of recruitment agencies and skills training centers
that cater to overseas placement.
Clearly, we need to see the wider picture for us
to understand the phenomenon.
A. The direct and immediate realities of Igorot
out-migration
We don't have to go into the details about the immediate
benefits that surround the out-migration phenomenon.
Let us merely say that our OFW folk do get paid
at higher rates and usually get more benefits (otherwise, there's
hardly any point in working abroad). In the case of skilled professionals,
often, they can bring their spouses or entire families with them.
As our OFW's gain experience in their host countries, they usually
find more opportunities for professional, educational, and personal
advancement, and end up becoming long-term immigrants and even citizens
who expect to enjoy a much wider range and much higher levels of
socio-economic benefits.
However, we do have to go into the details about
the immediate employment (and pre-employment) problems faced by
our OFW's.
1. Even before a Filipino takes the first step towards
becoming an OFW, s/he already has to contend with the legal and
financial requirements. According to Migrante Metro Baguio data,
paperwork that require 76 signatures will already cost P7,600. If
we include the minimum other requirements of passport, POEA fee
(for new hires), OWWA fee, and Medicare/Philhealth, the amount goes
up to P17,875 per applicant. Not surprisingly, Cordillera folk have
had to sell or mortgage their farms just so they could process their
placement and travel papers.
2. Many prospective OFW's fall victim to illegal
recruiters, human-trafficking schemes, and other recruitment violations.
At the end of the day, they end up losing money and not getting
the overseas work they hoped for. The POEA CAR reported 92 illegal
recruitment cases in 2007 alone; the real figure is surely much
higher.
3. As OFW's, our compatriots suffer the so-called
3D types of work: "dirty, difficult, and dangerous." These
are the types of working conditions that the citizens of the host
countries often shirk from, and are paid relatively low wages. But
we willingly take them because the wages and benefits are still
much higher than what we could get here in the Philippines.
4. Many OFW's have to cope with employment contract
violations, such as non-payment and underpayment, wage cuts, extended
working hours, no overtime pay, no food allowance, no free medical
services, contract substitution, and unjust pre-termination.
5. By now, we are already too familiar with the
horror stories of employer abuse, from minor forms of maltreatment
and sexual harassment to the worst cases of physical violence, rape,
and murder.
6. In their attempts to fend off or escape such
abuse, our poor OFW compatriots often turn to desperate measures
such as fighting back or running away, which lead to legal complications.
The irony is that the victimized OFW's are made out to be the offenders:
they are locked up by their employer; they fired from work; or,
they are slapped with charges, arrested, and jailed by the host
government.
7. Aside from employer abuse, OFW's typically encounter
culture shock, limited rights as foreign workers, and even racism
and discrimination, in the wider society of the country where they
work.
8. Finally, OFW complaints of employer abuse often
suffer neglect by Philippine diplomatic and labor authorities.
B. The wider and long-term realities of out-migration
The phenomenon of Filipino out-migration to other
countries, which has also affected the Cordillera in a full-blown
way, is clearly not a short-term and individualized trend, but has
been part of our people's long-term and wider reality for many years
now.
The Philippine government always harps on the positive
aspects of the OFW phenomenon, dwelling for example on positive
Filipino traits such as our excellent ability to adapt to foreign
cultures, our supposed adventurous or ambitious nature, etc. Also,
we are supposed to be the country's "modern-day heroes"
who are sacrificing so much so we could bring a better life to our
families.
We must always emphasize, however, the greatly negative
realities that have pushed millions of our compatriots to become
OFWs. Clearly, the situation that powers this trend is the chronically
depressed socio-economic situation in the Philippines - the lack
of sufficient employment and livelihood opportunities, and the low
wages or incomes that come with the limited types of local employment
and livelihood.
This socio-economic crisis situation has been our
country's lot for many decades now - at least since the first peso
devaluation under President Macapagal in the 1960's. Ultimately,
it is the result of being so tightly tied up to global investments,
trade, and the debt trap, which in turn prevents our country from
adapting and finally achieving a comprehensive program of nationalist
industrialization and comprehensive agrarian reform, including the
full recognition of ancestral land rights among indigenous peoples
such as here in the Cordillera.
True, the OFW's have become the single biggest source
of foreign exchange, which keeps our dependent economy afloat. Estimates
of annual remittances by OFW's range from USD 13 billion (according
to the Central Bank) to USD 18 billion (according to the ILO). The
president of the Phil-Am Chamber of Commerce noted that if OFW remittances
were to stop for only three days, "the Philippine economy will
immediately sink."
On top of the socio-economic crisis, there is also
the displacement of entire communities, families, and individuals
due to so-called "development" projects (such as mining,
dams, logging) and the concomittant militarization - which has a
particularly extreme impact on indigenous peoples. Even the spate
of extrajudicial killings have added to this tendency for some threatened
individuals and their families to seek safe refuge outside the country.
The irony in this situation is that it is the government
that is the biggest beneficiary in the OFW remittances - since 40%
of the foreign currency brought in by OFW's are used to pay our
external debts, and since the state and private agencies earn around
so many billions of pesos yearly from the various charges and fees
paid by OFW applicants. For example, in 2005 alone, almost P18 billion
was collected from around 1 million OFW's who paid fees to go abroad
that year.
The double irony in this situation is that the massive
amount of OFW earnings are not actively harnessed by the government,
for example, to fund community-driven socio-economic programs and
projects that can truly advance genuine industrialization, agrarian
reform and rural development. Instead, the said earnings only serve
to keep afloat, in a temporary way, the national economy and the
domestic economies of the OFW's families.
The triple irony in this situation is that the OFW
families and the nation at large are suffering the long-term social
costs of massive out-migration. Let us mention the most obvious
ones:
1. Family dislocations and marital problems due
to the absence of one or both parents working abroad.
2. Health problems, which include an abnormally high incidence of
mental disorders, disabilities, and sexually-transmitted diseases
such as AIDS.
3. Loss of native language and other cultural heritage, especially
among the children of migrants who were born and raised in other
countries.
4. Brain drain. The country is fast losing its corps of professionals,
which are a long-term need for comprehensive nation-building, faster
than the educational system can produce new ones.
5. De-skilling is the degrading of professional skills among workers
who accept lower-skilled jobs. We are witness to the irrational
trend of our doctors going back to school to become nurses (because
nurses can more easily get overseas jobs), nurses getting jobs as
caregivers, and teachers becoming domestic helpers.
Even those Filipino individuals and families who
have successfully crossed over from the status of migrant contractual
worker to the more stable status of immigrant or naturalized citizen,
as they themselves find out, will still need to undergo a difficult
process of assimilation into the culture they have chosen to move
into. Meanwhile, they continue to suffer incidents of racism, discrimination,
and other violations of their rights as migrants.
C. Conclusion
We therefore call on our fellow Igorots who are
now working and living overseas, the world over, to be more aware
both of their situation as migrant workers or immigrants, and the
general situation of our homeland that made them decide in the first
place to leave and seek their fortunes elsewhere.
At the very least, we ask you fellow Cordilleras
abroad, to keep in touch with your homeland and its people, to be
updated about the social issues that involve our communities, and
to keep our heritage as Filipinos and as indigenous peoples close
to your hearts and minds, wherever in the world you may find yourself.
Ultimately, we ask you to be involved in achieving
a deeper understanding of the basic problems that wrack our nation
and how these affect our Cordillera homeland; in seeking for long-term
solutions to these problems; and in building alternative models
of development. You can harness the skills and resources that you
have acquired as migrants to help build a truly just and prosperous
Philippines, and a homeland that will welcome you back with open
arms.###
/psv 12 apr 2008
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